UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

[ X ] Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007 or

 

[ ] Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from                    to                    

 

Commission File Number 0-17869

 

COGNEX CORPORATION

 

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

One Vision Drive
Natick, Massachusetts 01760-2059
                 (508) 650-3000                 

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,

including area code, of principal executive offices)

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes      X                              No            

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes                                     No      X     

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes      X                              No            

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  [  ]

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

     x  Large accelerated filer     o  Accelerated filer     o  Non-accelerated Filer     o  Smaller reporting company

 

(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes                                     No      X     

 

Aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant

as of July 1, 2007: $890,235,000

$.002 par value common stock outstanding as of January 27, 2008: 43,375,292 shares

 

Documents incorporated by reference:

The registrant intends to file a Definitive Proxy Statement pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. Portions of such Proxy Statement are incorporated by reference in Part III of this report.

 

 

COGNEX CORPORATION ANNUAL REPORT ON
FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007

INDEX

 

 

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Federal Securities Laws. Readers can identify these forward-looking statements by our use of the words “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “believes,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “will,” “may,” “shall,” and similar words and other statements of a similar sense. Our future results may differ materially from current results and from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Readers should pay particular attention to considerations described in the section captioned “Risk Factors,” appearing in Part I – Item IA of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We caution readers not to place undue reliance upon any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. We disclaim any obligation to subsequently revise forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date such statements are made.

 

 

Corporate Profile

 

Cognex Corporation (“Cognex” or the “Company,” each of which includes, unless the context indicates otherwise, Cognex Corporation and its subsidiaries) was incorporated in Massachusetts in 1981. Its corporate headquarters are located at One Vision Drive, Natick, Massachusetts 01760 and its telephone number is (508) 650-3000.

 

Cognex is a leading worldwide provider of machine vision products that capture and analyze visual information in order to automate tasks, primarily in manufacturing processes, where vision is required. Machine vision is important for applications in which human vision is inadequate to meet requirements for size, accuracy, or speed, or in instances where substantial cost savings are obtained through the reduction of direct labor or improved product quality. Today, many types of manufacturing equipment require machine vision because of the increasing demands for speed and accuracy in manufacturing processes, as well as the decreasing size of items being manufactured.

 

Cognex has two operating divisions: the Modular Vision Systems Division (MVSD), based in Natick, Massachusetts, and the Surface Inspection Systems Division (SISD), based in Alameda, California. MVSD develops, manufactures, and markets modular vision systems that are used to automate the manufacture of discrete items, such as semiconductor chips, cellular phones, and light bulbs, by locating, identifying, inspecting, and measuring them during the manufacturing process. SISD develops, manufactures, and markets surface inspection vision systems that are used to inspect the surfaces of materials processed in a continuous fashion, such as metals, paper, non-wovens, plastics, and glass, to ensure there are no flaws or defects on the surfaces. Historically, MVSD has been the source of the majority of the Company’s revenue, representing approximately 87% of total revenue in 2007. Financial information about segments may be found in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, appearing in Part II – Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

What is Machine Vision?

 

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, human vision has played an indispensable role in the process of manufacturing products. Human eyes did what no machines could do themselves: locating and positioning work, tracking the flow of parts, and inspecting output for quality and consistency. Today, however, the requirements of many manufacturing processes have surpassed the limits of human eyesight. Manufactured items often are produced too quickly or with tolerances too small to be analyzed by the human eye. In response to manufacturers’ needs, “machine vision” technology emerged, providing manufacturing equipment with the gift of sight. Virtually every manufacturer that makes products in an automated process can achieve better quality and manufacturing efficiency by using machine vision.

Machine vision products combine cameras with intelligent software to collect images and then answer questions about these images, such as:

 

 

Machine Vision Market

 

Cognex serves a wide array of customers around the world that use our products to replace human vision in a variety of applications. Machine vision systems were first widely embraced by manufacturers of electronic components who needed this technology to produce computer chips with decreasing geometries. However, advances in technology and ease-of-use, combined with the deceasing cost of implementing vision applications, have made machine vision available to a broader range of users. Today, Cognex’s products are at work solving vision applications in many industries, including semiconductors, electronics, automotive, food, beverage, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, and high-speed web inspection of materials, such as metals and paper.

 

Cognex’s customers can be classified into three primary markets: the semiconductor and electronics capital equipment market, the discrete factory automation market, and the surface inspection market.

 

Semiconductor and electronics capital equipment manufacturers purchase Cognex vision products and integrate them into the automation equipment that they manufacture and then sell to their customers to either make semiconductor chips or assemble printed circuit boards. Although Cognex sells to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in a number of industries, these semiconductor and electronics OEMs have historically been large consumers of our products. Over the past several years, however, we have diversified our customer base beyond the semiconductor and electronics capital equipment sector. Demand from these capital equipment manufacturers is highly cyclical, with periods of investment followed by temporary downturns. At its revenue peak in 2000, sales to semiconductor and electronics capital equipment manufacturers represented approximately 61% of the Company’s total revenue, compared to approximately 25% in 2007.

 

Discrete manufacturers in the automotive, consumer electronics, food, beverage, healthcare, pharmaceutical, and aerospace industries use machine vision for a wide variety of applications in factory automation. These manufacturers purchase Cognex vision products and install them directly on their production lines or automation equipment. End-user customers either purchase our products from our direct sales force, an authorized third-party distributor, or a partner system integrator. In certain instances, the customer may hire a system integrator to help them develop a vision application for their production line. Sales to discrete factory automation customers represented approximately 62% of total revenue in 2007.

 

Surface inspection customers are manufacturers of materials processed in a continuous fashion, such as metals, paper, non-wovens, plastics, and glass. These customers need sophisticated machine vision to detect and classify defects on the surfaces of those materials as they are being processed at high speeds. Surface inspection sales represented approximately 13% of total revenue in 2007.

No customer accounted for greater than 10% of total revenue in 2007, 2006, or 2005.

 

Business Strategy

 

Our goal is to expand our position as a leading worldwide provider of machine vision products. For over 20 years, Cognex has been a leading supplier of machine vision products for semiconductor and electronics capital equipment manufacturers. However, we believe that long-term, sustained revenue growth will come from a broad base of customers across a variety of industries. Accordingly, our goal is to defend our strong position in the semiconductor and electronics capital equipment sector while expanding our business by growing our customer base and seeking out new machine vision applications.

 

For the past several years, we have invested in developing new products and functionality that make vision easier to use and in building a worldwide sales and support infrastructure in order to access more of the potential market for machine vision. This includes selective expansion into new industrial and commercial vision applications through the internal development of new products and functionality, as well as the acquisition of businesses and technologies. This strategy also includes building a sales presence in regions such as China, where we believe many manufacturers can benefit from incorporating machine vision into their production processes.

 

Acquisitions

 

Our business strategy includes selective expansion into other machine vision applications through the acquisition of businesses and technologies. We plan to continue to seek opportunities to expand our product line, customer base, distribution network, and technical talent through acquisitions in the machine vision industry.

 

In May 2005, we completed our largest acquisition to date when Cognex purchased DVT Corporation. This business is included in the Company’s MVSD segment. Over the past several years, we have expanded our product line by adding low-cost, easy-to-use vision sensors. However, reaching the many prospects for these products in factories around the world requires a large third-party distribution channel to supplement our direct sales force. With the acquisition of DVT Corporation, we immediately gained a worldwide network of distributors, fully trained in selling and supporting machine vision products. We believe that we can accelerate our growth in the factory automation market by selling our expanding line of low-cost, easy-to-use products through this worldwide distribution network.

 

In May 2006, Cognex acquired AssistWare Technology, Inc., a developer of Lane Departure Warning Systems, and entered the emerging market for machine vision systems in vehicles. This business is included in the Company’s MVSD segment. These highly-specialized sensors are installed in vehicles, ranging from long-haul trucks to high-end passenger cars, where they provide driver assistance by constantly analyzing the vehicle’s external environment and warning the driver of potentially dangerous situations. AssistWare’s Lane Departure Warning System uses machine vision technology to watch the road ahead and alert drivers if they unintentionally leave their lane or if their driving pattern becomes erratic. Although we believe that entering new commercial markets for machine vision systems is an important strategic move to diversify into areas outside of the factory floor, we do not expect machine vision in vehicles to generate significant revenue for the Company in the near term.

 

Products

 

Cognex offers a full range of machine vision products designed to meet customer needs at different performance and price points. Our products can have a variety of physical forms, depending upon the user’s need. For example, customers can purchase vision software to use with their own camera and processor, or they can purchase a standalone unit that combines camera, processor, and software into a single package.

Vision Software

 

Vision software provides the user the most flexibility for combining the full general-purpose library of Cognex vision tools with the cameras, frame grabbers, and peripherals of their choice. The vision software runs on the customer’s PC, which enables easy integration with PC-based data and controls. Applications based upon Cognex vision software perform a wide range of vision tasks, including part location, identification, measurement, assembly verification, and robotic guidance. Cognex’s VisionPro^® software offers the power and flexibility of advanced programming with the simplicity of a graphical development environment. VisionPro’s extensive suite of patented vision tools enables solving the most challenging machine vision applications.

 

Vision Systems

 

Vision systems combine camera, processor, and vision software into a single, rugged package with a simple and flexible user interface for configuring applications. These general-purpose vision systems are designed to be easily programmed to perform a wide range of vision tasks including part location, identification, measurement, assembly verification, and robotic guidance. Cognex offers the In-Sight^® and DVT^® product lines of vision systems in a wide range of models to meet all price and performance requirements.

 

Vision Sensors

 

Unlike general-purpose vision systems that can be programmed to solve a wide variety of vision tasks, vision sensors are designed to deliver very simple, low-cost solutions in place of traditional photoelectric sensors for reliable inspection, error-proofing, and part detection. Cognex offers the Checker^® product line of vision sensors that perform a variety of single-purpose vision tasks.

 

ID Products

 

ID products quickly and reliably read codes (e.g. one-dimensional or two-dimensional barcodes) that have been applied or directly marked on discrete items during the manufacturing process. Manufacturers of goods ranging from automotive parts to pharmaceutical items to aircraft components to medical devices are increasingly using direct part mark (DPM) identification to ensure that the appropriate manufacturing processes are performed in the correct sequence and on the right parts. In addition, DPM can be used to track parts from the beginning of their life to the end, and is also used in supply chain management and repair. Cognex offers the Dataman^tm product line of ID readers that includes both hand-held and fixed-mount models.

 

Industry-Specific Products

 

Wafer Identification

 

Cognex’s In-Sight^® 1720 Series wafer ID reader quickly and reliably reads codes (e.g. one- or two-dimensional barcodes or human-readable characters) that have been laser scribed onto semiconductor wafers under a variety of challenging process conditions so that semiconductor manufacturers can track individual wafers through every step of the process.

 

Wafer Pre-Alignment

 

Cognex’s In-Sight^® 1820 Optical Pre-Aligner, which incorporates Cognex’s Notchmax^TM software, provides non-contact measurement of wafer position and orientation to pre-align wafers more quickly, reliably, and with less contamination than mechanical systems.

 

Consumer Packaging

 

Cognex’s OmniView^TM Cylindrical Product Inspection System uses images acquired from multiple cameras and combines those images to create a seamless and undistorted image of an object’s surface,

eliminating the complex and expensive requirement to mechanically spin parts in order to inspect them. OmniView is used to inspect labels, confirm contents, track products, and verify date and lot codes.

 

Surface Inspection Systems

 

Surface inspection systems detect and classify surface defects during the fabrication of metals, paper, non-wovens, plastics, and glass. Cognex’s SmartView^® web and surface inspection system is a complete solution for the inspection of surfaces and webs moving in a continuous fashion as they are being produced or converted. SmartView enables the user to detect, identify, visualize, and classify defects in these materials as they are being produced at full production speeds.

 

SmartView is sold globally to end users in the metals, paper, non-wovens, plastics, and glass industries. In addition, SmartView is sold to end users located in Europe and Asia in the paper industry through an OEM relationship with Honeywell International, Inc.

 

Research, Development, and Engineering

 

Cognex engages in research, development, and engineering (R,D&E) to enhance our existing products and to develop new products and functionality to meet market opportunities. In addition to internal research and development efforts, we intend to continue our strategy of gaining access to new technology through strategic relationships and acquisitions where appropriate. We consider our ability to accelerate time to market for new products critical to our revenue growth.

 

At December 31, 2007, Cognex employed 183 professionals in R,D&E, many of whom are software developers. Cognex’s R,D&E expenses totaled $34,335,000 in 2007, $32,607,000 in 2006, and $27,640,000 in 2005, or approximately 15%, 13%, and 13% of revenue, respectively. 2007 and 2006 R,D&E expenses included $3,239,000 and $3,627,000, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense that was not recorded in 2005.

 

Manufacturing and Order Fulfillment

 

Cognex’s MVSD products are manufactured utilizing a turnkey operation whereby the majority of component procurement, assembly, and initial testing are performed under agreement by third-party contract manufacturers. Cognex’s primary contract manufacturers are located in Ireland and Southeast Asia. After the completion of initial testing, fully-assembled product from the contract manufacturer is routed to one of the Company’s two distribution locations: Cork, Ireland or Duluth, Georgia, USA. At these locations, Cognex’s software is loaded onto the product, final quality control is performed, and the product is kitted for shipment to our customers. Orders for customers in the Americas are shipped from our Duluth, Georgia facility, while orders for customers in Japan, Europe, and Southeast Asia are shipped from our Cork, Ireland facility. The contract manufacturers use specified components and assembly and test documentation created and controlled by Cognex. From time to time, we will procure large quantities of end-of-life components for strategic purposes that will not be consumed within one year. Certain components are presently available only from a single source.

 

Cognex’s SISD products are manufactured at its Alameda, California facility, with the exception of the frames on which the cameras and the lights used to illuminate the web are mounted. The manufacturing process at the Alameda facility consists of system design, configuration management and control, component procurement, and subassembly. After the completion of subassembly at the Alameda facility, some of the systems are delivered to Cognex’s Kuopio, Finland facility where the frames and lights are manufactured. The manufacturing process at the Kuopio facility consists of system integration, final testing, and quality control. Certain products are manufactured by third-party contract manufacturers using documentation created and controlled by Cognex.

 

Sales Channels and Support Services

 

Cognex sells its MVSD products through a worldwide direct sales force that focuses on the development of strategic accounts that generate or are expected to generate significant sales volume. With the exception

of Cognex’s vision software, all of our MVSD products are also sold through a third-party distribution network in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. MVSD utilizes both sales channels, direct and distribution, in order to best reach the many prospects for our products in factories around the world. Cognex’s SISD products are primarily sold through a worldwide direct sales force since there are fewer customers in a more concentrated group of industries.

 

At December 31, 2007, Cognex’s sales force consisted of 277 professionals, including sales engineers, application engineers, and distribution management personnel, and our distribution network consisted of 190 authorized distributors. Sales engineers call directly on targeted accounts and coordinate the activity of the application engineers. The majority of our sales force holds engineering or science degrees. Cognex has sales and support offices located throughout the Americas, Japan, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Recently, the Company has invested in a direct sales presence in China (which the Company currently includes in its Southeast Asia region) and Eastern Europe, where we believe many manufacturers can benefit from incorporating machine vision into their production processes.

 

Sales to customers based outside of the United States represented approximately 65% of total revenue in 2007, compared to approximately 65% in 2006 and approximately 63% in 2005. In 2007, approximately 23% of the Company’s total revenue came from customers based in Japan, 32% from customers based in Europe, and 10% from customers based in Southeast Asia. Although international sales may from time to time be subject to federal technology export regulations, to date, Cognex has not suffered significant delays or prohibitions in sales to any of its foreign customers. Financial information about geographic areas may be found in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, appearing in Part II – Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Cognex’s MVSD service offerings include maintenance and support, training, and consulting services. Maintenance and support programs include hardware support programs that entitle customers to have failed product repaired, as well as software support programs that provide customers with application support and software updates on the latest software releases. Training services include a variety of product courses that are available at Cognex’s offices worldwide, at customer facilities, and on computer-based tutorials, video, and the Internet. Cognex provides consulting services that range from a specific area of functionality to a completely integrated machine vision application.

 

Cognex’s SISD service offerings include maintenance and support and training services similar to those provided by MVSD, as well as installation services. The installation services group supervises the physical installation of the hardware at the customer location, configures the software application to detect the customer’s defects, validates that the entire integrated system with the peripheral components is functioning according to the specifications, and performs operator training.

 

Intellectual Property

 

We rely on the technical expertise, creativity, and knowledge of our personnel, and therefore, we utilize patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection to maintain our competitive position and protect our proprietary rights in our products and technology. While our intellectual property rights are important to our success, we believe that our business as a whole is not materially dependent on any particular patent, trademark, copyright, or other intellectual property right.

 

At December 31, 2007, Cognex had been granted, or owned by assignment, approximately 264 patents issued in the field of machine vision technology and had 174 patent applications pending. Cognex has used, registered, or applied to register a number of trademark registrations in the United States and in other countries. Cognex’s trademark and servicemark portfolio includes various registered marks, including, among others, Cognex^®, VisionPro^®, In-Sight^®, Checker^®, and SmartView^®, as well as many common-law marks, including, among others, DataMan^TM.

Compliance with Environmental Provisions

 

Cognex’s capital expenditures, earnings, and competitive position are not materially affected by compliance with federal, state, and local environmental provisions which have been enacted or adopted to regulate the distribution of materials into the environment.

 

Competition

 

The machine vision market is highly fragmented and Cognex’s competitors vary depending upon market segment, geographic region, and application niche. Our competitors are typically other vendors of machine vision systems and manufacturers of image processing systems and sensors. In addition, in the semiconductor and electronics capital equipment market, Cognex competes with the internal engineering efforts of current or prospective customers. In the DPM identification market, Cognex competes with manufacturers of automatic identification systems. Any of these competitors may have greater financial and other resources than Cognex. Although we consider Cognex to be one of the leading machine vision companies in the world, reliable estimates of the machine vision market and the number of competitors are not available.

 

Cognex’s ability to compete depends upon our ability to design, manufacture, and sell high-quality products, as well as our ability to develop new products and functionality that meet evolving customer requirements. The primary competitive factors affecting the choice of a machine vision system include vendor reputation, product functionality and performance, ease of use, price, and post-sales support. The importance of each of these factors varies depending upon the specific customer’s needs.

 

Backlog

 

At December 31, 2007, backlog totaled $36,655,000, compared to $36,783,000 at December 31, 2006. Backlog reflects customer purchase orders for products scheduled for shipment primarily within 60 days at MVSD and six months at SISD. The MVSD backlog excludes deferred revenue. Although MVSD accepts orders from customers with requested shipment dates that are within 60 days, orders typically ship within one week of order placement. The level of backlog at any particular date is not necessarily indicative of future revenue. Delivery schedules may be extended and orders may be canceled at any time subject to certain cancellation penalties.

 

Employees

 

At December 31, 2007, Cognex employed 799 persons, including 395 in sales, marketing, and service activities; 183 in research, development, and engineering; 108 in manufacturing and quality assurance; and 113 in information technology, finance, and administration. Of the Company’s 799 employees, 333 are based outside of the United States. None of our employees are represented by a labor union and we have experienced no work stoppages. We believe that our employee relations are good.

 

Available Information

 

Cognex maintains a website on the World Wide Web at www.cognex.com. We make available, free of charge, on our website in the “Company Information” section under the caption “Investor Information – Annual Reports and SEC Filings” our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K, including exhibits, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Cognex’s reports filed with, or furnished to, the SEC are also available at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Information contained on our website is not a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently deem immaterial, also may become important factors that affect our company in the future. If any of these risks were to occur, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. This section includes or refers to certain forward-looking statements. We refer you to the explanation of the qualifications and limitations on such forward-looking statements, appearing in Part II – Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Unless the context otherwise requires, the words “Cognex,” “we,” “our,” “us,” and “our company” refer to Cognex Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 

Unfavorable changes in economic conditions and capital spending may negatively impact our operating results.

 

Our revenue is dependent upon the capital spending trends of manufacturers in a number of industries, including, among others, the semiconductor, electronics, automotive, metals, and paper industries. These spending levels are, in turn, impacted by global economic conditions, as well as industry-specific economic conditions. Our operating results have been materially adversely affected in the past, and could be materially adversely affected in the future, as a result of unfavorable economic conditions and reduced capital spending by manufacturers worldwide.

 

Downturns in the semiconductor and electronics capital equipment market may adversely affect our business.

 

In 2007, approximately 25% of our revenue was derived from semiconductor and electronics capital equipment manufacturers. This concentration was as high as 61% in 2000 during its revenue peak. The semiconductor and electronics industries are highly cyclical and have historically experienced periodic downturns, which have often had a severe effect on demand for production equipment that incorporates our products. While we have been successful in diversifying our business beyond OEM customers who serve the semiconductor and electronics industries, our business is still impacted by capital expenditures in these industries, which, in turn, are dependent upon the market demand for products containing computer chips. As a result, our operating results in the foreseeable future could be significantly and adversely affected by a slowdown in either of these industries.

 

Economic, political, and other risks associated with international sales and operations could adversely affect our business and operating results.

 

In 2007, approximately 65% of our revenue was derived from customers located outside of the United States. We anticipate that international sales will continue to account for a significant portion of our revenue. We intend to continue to expand our operations outside of the United States and may enter additional international markets, such as our recent expansion into China and Eastern Europe, which will require significant management attention and financial resources. As a result, our operations are subject to the risks inherent in international sales, including, among other things:

 

 

In addition, certain of our products are assembled by third-party contract manufacturers in Ireland and Southeast Asia. Due to these relationships and our other activities outside of the United States, we are subject to the political risks inherent in international operations and their impact on the global economy,

including economic disruption from acts of war or terrorism, particularly in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

 

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and the use of derivative instruments to hedge these exposures could adversely affect our reported results, liquidity, and competitive position.

 

We face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates as a significant portion of our revenue, expenses, assets, and liabilities are denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our company. In certain instances, we utilize forward contracts and other derivative instruments to hedge against foreign currency fluctuations. These contracts are used to minimize foreign currency gains or losses, as the gains or losses on the derivative are intended to offset the losses or gains on the underlying exposure. We do not engage in foreign currency speculation.

 

The success of our foreign currency risk management program depends upon forecasts of transaction activity denominated in various currencies. To the extent that these forecasts are overstated or understated during periods of currency volatility, we could experience unanticipated foreign currency gains or losses that could have a material impact on our results of operations. Furthermore, our failure to identify new exposures and hedge them in an effective and timely manner may result in material foreign currency gains or losses. In addition, although the use of these derivative instruments may be effective in minimizing foreign currency gains or losses, significant cash inflows or outflows may result when these instruments are settled.

 

Our predominant currency of sale is the U.S. Dollar in the Americas and Southeast Asia, the Yen in Japan, and the Euro in Europe. Our U.S. Dollar based pricing in Southeast Asia may put us at a competitive disadvantage with other Asian vendors that offer local-currency based pricing. In addition, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may render our products less competitive. For example, the weak U.S. Dollar versus the Euro may attract certain of our European customers to vendors in the United States, and therefore, have an adverse effect on our local European sales.

 

The loss of a large customer could have an adverse effect on our business.

 

In 2007, our top five customers accounted for approximately 9% of total revenue. Our expansion into the factory automation marketplace has reduced our reliance upon the revenue from any one of our larger OEM customers. Nevertheless, the loss of, or significant curtailment of purchases by, any one or more of our larger customers could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

 

The failure of a key supplier to deliver quality product in a timely manner or our inability to obtain components for our products could adversely affect our operating results.

 

A significant portion of our MVSD product is manufactured by two third-party contractors. As a result, we are dependent upon these contractors to provide quality product and meet delivery schedules. We engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring the performance of our third-party manufacturers; however, we may not detect all product quality issues through these programs and processes. In addition, a variety of components used in our products are only available from a single source. The announcement by a single-source supplier of a last-time component buy could result in our purchase of a significant amount of inventory that, in turn, could lead to an increased risk of inventory obsolescence. An interruption in, termination of, or material change in the purchase terms of any single-source components could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

 

Our business could suffer if we lose the services of, or fail to attract, key personnel.

 

We are highly dependent upon the management and leadership of Robert J. Shillman, our President and Chief Executive Officer, as well as other members of our senior management team. On March 27, 2007, James Hoffmaster, our former President who was responsible for running our day-to-day operations,

resigned and Robert J. Shillman took over these responsibilities with the assistance of members of the senior management team listed in Part I – Item 4A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Although we have retained many experienced and qualified senior managers, the loss of key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our company. Our continued growth and success also depends upon our ability to attract and retain skilled employees and on the ability of our officers and key employees to effectively manage the growth of our business through the implementation of appropriate management information systems and internal controls.

 

We have historically used stock options as a key component of our total employee compensation program in order to align employee interests with the interests of our shareholders, provide competitive compensation and benefits packages, and encourage employee retention. Difficulties relating to obtaining shareholder approval of stock option plans have resulted in a reduction in the total number of options available for grant in future periods. Accordingly, we may find it difficult to attract, retain, and motivate employees, and any such difficulty could materially adversely affect our business.

 

Our products may contain design or manufacturing defects, which could result in reduced demand, significant delays, or substantial costs.

 

If flaws in either the design or manufacture of our products were to occur, we could experience a rate of failure in our products that could result in significant delays in shipment and material repair or replacement costs. While we engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring and evaluating the quality of our component suppliers and contract manufacturers, these actions may not be sufficient to avoid a product failure rate that results in:

 

 

any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

 

Our failure to develop new products and to respond to technological changes could result in the loss of our market share and a decrease in our revenues and profits.

 

The market for our products is characterized by rapidly changing technology. Accordingly, we believe that our future success will depend upon our ability to accelerate time to market for new products and functionality with improved ease-of-use, performance, or price. We may not be able to introduce and market new products successfully and respond effectively to technological changes or new product introductions by competitors. Our ability to keep pace with the rapid rate of technological change in the high-technology marketplace could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

 

Our failure to effectively manage product transitions or accurately forecast customer demand could result in excess or obsolete inventory and resulting charges.

 

Because the market for our products is characterized by rapid technological advances, we frequently introduce new products with improved ease-of-use, improved hardware performance, additional software features and functionality, or lower cost that may replace existing products. Among the risks associated with the introduction of new products are difficulty predicting customer demand and effectively managing inventory levels to ensure adequate supply of the new product and avoid excess supply of the legacy product. In addition, we may strategically enter into non-cancelable commitments with vendors to purchase materials for our products in advance of demand in order to take advantage of favorable pricing or address concerns about the availability of future supplies. Our failure to effectively manage product transitions or accurately forecast customer demand, in terms of both volume and configuration, has led to, and may again in the future lead to, an increased risk of excess or obsolete inventory and resulting charges.

Our failure to properly manage the distribution of our products and services could result in the loss of revenues and profits.

 

We utilize a direct sales force, as well as a network of third-party distributors, to sell our products and services. Successfully managing the interaction of our direct and indirect sales channels to reach various potential customers for our products and services is a complex process. In addition, our reliance upon indirect distribution methods may reduce visibility to demand and pricing issues. Each distribution method has distinct risks and costs, and therefore, our failure to implement the most advantageous balance in the delivery model for our products and services could adversely affect our revenue and profitability.

 

If we fail to successfully defend our intellectual property, our competitive position and operating results could suffer.

 

We rely on our proprietary software technology and hardware designs, as well as the technical expertise, creativity, and knowledge of our personnel. Although we use a variety of methods to protect our intellectual property, we rely most heavily on patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection, as well as non-disclosure agreements with customers, suppliers, employees, and consultants. We also attempt to protect our intellectual property by restricting access to our proprietary information by a combination of technical and internal security measures. These measures, however, may not be adequate to:

 

 

Any of these adverse circumstances could have a material effect on our operating results.

 

Our company may be subject to costly litigation.

 

From time to time, we may be subject to various claims and lawsuits by competitors, customers, or other parties arising in the ordinary course of business, including lawsuits charging patent infringement. We are currently a party to certain patent infringement actions that are fully described in the section captioned “Legal Proceedings,” appearing in Part I – Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These matters can be time-consuming, divert our management’s attention and resources, and cause us to incur significant expenses. Furthermore, the results of any of these actions may have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

 

Increased competition may result in decreased demand or prices for our products and services.

 

We compete with other vendors of machine vision systems, the internal engineering efforts of our current or prospective customers, and the manufacturers of image processing systems, automatic identification systems, and sensors. Any of these competitors may have greater financial and other resources than we do. In recent years, ease-of-use and product price have become significant competitive factors in the factory automation marketplace. We may not be able to compete successfully in the future and our investments in research and development, sales and marketing, and support activities may be insufficient to enable us to maintain our competitive advantage. In addition, competitive pressures could lead to price erosion that could materially and adversely affect our operating results. We refer you to the section captioned “Competition,” appearing in Part I – Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

Implementation of our acquisition strategy may not be successful, which could affect our ability to increase our revenue or profitability.

 

We have in the past acquired, and will in the future consider the acquisition of, businesses and technologies in the machine vision industry. Our business may be negatively impacted by risks related to those acquisitions. These risks include, among others:

 

 

 

Acquisitions are inherently risky and the inability to effectively manage these risks could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

 

Attractive acquisition opportunities may not be available to us.

 

Our business strategy includes selective expansion into other machine vision applications through the acquisition of businesses and technologies. Since 1995, we have completed several business and technology acquisitions, including the acquisition of DVT Corporation in May 2005 and AssistWare Technology, Inc. in May 2006. We plan to continue to seek opportunities to expand our product line, customer base, distribution network, and technical talent through acquisitions in the machine vision industry. However, we may not have the opportunity to make suitable acquisitions on favorable terms in the future, which could negatively impact the growth of our business. We expect that other companies in the machine vision industry will compete with us to acquire compatible businesses. This competition could increase prices for businesses and technologies that we would likely pursue, and our competitors may have greater resources than we do.

 

We may have additional tax liabilities.

 

We are subject to income taxes in the United States, as well as numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are regularly under audit by tax authorities. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different than that which is reflected in our financial statements and could have a material effect on our income tax provision, net income, or cash flows in the period in which the determination is made.

 

The trading price of our common stock may be volatile.

 

The price of our common stock has historically experienced significant volatility due to:

 

 

The stock markets have experienced significant price volatility in recent years. This volatility has had a substantial effect on the market prices of securities issued by many technology companies, such as our company, often for reasons unrelated to the operating results of the specific company.

 

 

There are no unresolved SEC staff comments as of the date of this report.

 

 

In 1994, Cognex purchased and renovated a 100,000 square-foot building located in Natick, Massachusetts that serves as our corporate headquarters. In 1997, Cognex completed construction of a 50,000 square-foot addition to this building.

In 1995, Cognex purchased an 83,000 square-foot office building adjacent to our corporate headquarters. This building is currently occupied with tenants who have lease agreements that expire at various dates through 2017. Cognex also uses a portion of this space for storage and product demonstrations.

 

In 1997, Cognex purchased a three and one-half acre parcel of land situated on Vision Drive, adjacent to our corporate headquarters. This land is being held for future expansion.

 

In 2007, Cognex purchased a 19,000 square-foot building adjacent to our corporate headquarters. This building is currently occupied with tenants who have lease agreements that expire at various dates through 2012.

 

Cognex conducts certain of its operations in leased facilities. These lease agreements expire at various dates through 2017. Certain of these leases contain renewal options, escalation clauses, rent holidays, and leasehold improvement incentives.

 

 

In March 2006, Cognex filed a Declaratory Judgment action in the United States District Court for Minnesota seeking that certain patents being asserted by Acacia Research Corporation and Veritec, Inc., and their respective subsidiaries, be ruled invalid, unenforceable, and/or not infringed by Cognex. The patent assertions relate to two-dimensional symbology reading; in particular, the defendants have alleged that any company reading a data matrix code infringes the subject patents. Cognex amended its claim to include state law claims of defamation and violation of the Minnesota Unfair Trade Practices Act. Certain defendants in this action have asserted a counterclaim against Cognex alleging infringement of the patent-in-suit, seeking unspecified damages. Discovery has concluded and the matter is expected to go to trial in the first half of 2008. In April 2007, certain of the defendants in the matter referenced above filed an action against Cognex in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas asserting a claim of patent infringement of U.S. Patent No. 5.331.176. Discovery is in process. We cannot predict the outcome of these patent infringement matters or estimate the potential loss or range of loss at this time. Although we believe we have a meritorious case, an adverse resolution of these lawsuits could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.

 

Various other claims and legal proceedings generally incidental to the normal course of business are pending or threatened on behalf of or against Cognex. While we cannot predict the outcome of these matters, we believe that any liability arising from them will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.

 

 

There were no matters submitted during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2007 to a vote of security holders through solicitation of proxies or otherwise.

 

The following table sets forth the names, ages, and titles of Cognex’s executive officers at December 31, 2007, all of whom have been employed by Cognex in their present or other capacities for no less than the past five years:

 

 

Executive officers are elected annually by the Board of Directors. There are no family relationships among the directors and executive officers of the Company.

 

Other members of the senior management team include the following individuals, all of whom have been employed by Cognex in their present or other capacities for no less than the past five years:

 

 

The Company’s common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, under the symbol CGNX. As of January 27, 2008, there were approximately 600 shareholders of record of the Company’s common stock. The Company believes the number of beneficial owners of the Company’s common stock on that date was substantially greater.

 

The high and low sales prices of the Company’s common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Stock Market for each quarter in 2007 and 2006 are as follows:

 

 

In July 2006, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $100,000,000 of the Company’s common stock. The Company did not repurchase any shares under this program during the fourth quarter of 2007. As of December 31, 2007, the Company had repurchased 2,449,333 shares at a cost of $57,076,000 under this program, leaving $42,924,000 of the total amount authorized available for future repurchases. Any future repurchases will depend upon a variety of factors, including stock price levels and share availability.

 

The Company declared and paid a cash dividend of $0.08 per share in the first and second quarters of 2006, and $0.085 per share in the third and fourth quarters of 2006 and each quarter of 2007. Any future declaration and payment of cash dividends will be subject to the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and will depend upon such factors as the Board deems relevant.

Set forth below is a line graph comparing the annual percentage change in the cumulative total shareholder return on the Company’s common stock, based upon the market price of the Company’s common stock, with the total return on companies within the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Research Data Group, Inc. Nasdaq Lab Apparatus & Analytical, Optical, Measuring & Controlling Instrument (SIC 3820-3829 US Companies) Index (the “Nasdaq Lab Apparatus Index”). The performance graph assumes an investment of $100 in each of the Company and the two indices, and the reinvestment of any dividends. The historical information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Data for the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Lab Apparatus Index was provided to the Company by Research Data Group, Inc.

 

COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
Among Cognex Corporation, The NASDAQ Composite Index
And NASDAQ Stocks (SIC 3820-3829 U.S. Companies) Lab Apparatus & Analyt, Opt, Measuring, and Controlling Instr

 

 

* $100 invested on 12/31/02 in stock or index-including reinvestment of dividends.
Fiscal year ending December 31.

 

 

  (SIC 3820-3829 U.S. Companies) Lab Apparatus & Analytical,Optical, Measuring, and Controlling Instrument

 

 

 

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 

Certain statements made in this report, as well as oral statements made by the Company from time to time, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Readers can identify these forward-looking statements by our use of the words “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “believes,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “will,” “may,” “shall,” and similar words and other statements of a similar sense. These statements are based upon our current estimates and expectations as to prospective events and circumstances, which may or may not be in our control and as to which there can be no firm assurances given. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Such risks and uncertainties include: (1) economic conditions that impact the capital spending trends of manufacturers in a variety of industries; (2) the cyclicality of the semiconductor and electronics industries; (3) the inability to achieve significant international revenue; (4) fluctuations in foreign exchange rates; (5) the loss of, or a significant curtailment of purchases by, any one or more principal customers; (6) the reliance upon certain sole-source suppliers to manufacture and deliver critical components for our products; (7) the inability to attract and retain skilled employees; (8) the inability to design and manufacture high-quality products; (9) the technological obsolescence of current products and the inability to develop new products; (10) the failure to effectively manage product transitions or accurately forecast customer demand; (11) the failure to properly manage the distribution of products and services; (12) the inability to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property; (13) our involvement in time-consuming and costly litigation; (14) the impact of competitive pressures; (15) the challenges in integrating acquired businesses; (16) the inability to achieve expected results from acquisitions; and (17) exposure to additional tax liabilities. The foregoing list should not be construed as exhaustive and we encourage readers to refer to the detailed discussion of risk factors included in Part I – Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company cautions readers not to place undue reliance upon any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. The Company disclaims any obligation to subsequently revise forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date such statements are made.

 

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

 

Cognex Corporation is a leading provider of machine vision products that capture and analyze visual information in order to automate tasks, primarily in manufacturing processes, where vision is required. Our Modular Vision Systems Division (MVSD) specializes in machine vision systems that are used to automate the manufacturing of discrete items, while our Surface Inspection Systems Division (SISD) specializes in machine vision systems that are used to inspect the surfaces of materials processed in a continuous fashion.

 

In addition to product revenue derived from the sale of machine vision systems, the Company also generates revenue by providing maintenance and support, training, consulting, and installation services to its customers. Our customers can be classified into three primary markets: the semiconductor and electronics capital equipment market, the discrete factory automation market, and the surface inspection market.

 

 

 

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2007 totaled $226 million, representing a 5% decrease from the prior year. Although sales to factory automation customers in a variety of general manufacturing industries increased from 2006, this was offset by lower sales to customers in the semiconductor and electronics industries due primarily to industry cyclicality. As a result of the 5% decline in revenue and a 4% increase in operating expenses, operating income decreased from 19% of total revenue in 2006 to 12% of total revenue in 2007. Likewise, net income also decreased from $0.85 per diluted share in 2006 to $0.61 per diluted share in 2007.

 

The following table sets forth certain consolidated financial data as a percentage of revenue:

 

 

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

 

In December 2004, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 123R, “Share-Based Payment,” which is a revision of SFAS No. 123, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation.” SFAS No. 123R requires companies to recognize compensation expense for all share-based payments to employees at fair value.

 

SFAS No. 123R was adopted by the Company on January 1, 2006 using the modified prospective method in which compensation expense is recognized beginning on the effective date. Under this transition method, compensation expense recognized after January 1, 2006 includes: (1) compensation expense for

all share-based payments granted prior to but not yet vested as of December 31, 2005, based on the grant-date fair value estimated under SFAS No. 123, and (2) compensation expense for all share-based payments granted subsequent to December 31, 2005, based on the grant-date fair value estimated under SFAS No. 123R.

 

The fair values of stock options granted after January 1, 2006 were estimated on the grant date using a binomial lattice model. The fair values of options granted prior to January 1, 2006 were estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for footnote disclosure under SFAS No. 123. We believe that a binomial lattice model results in a better estimate of fair value because it identifies patterns of exercises based on triggering events, tying the results to possible future events instead of a single path of actual historical events. Readers should refer to Note 13: Stock-Based Compensation Expense to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a detailed description of the valuation assumptions.

 

The total stock-based compensation expense and the related income tax benefit recognized was $11,715,000 and $3,845,000, respectively, in 2007 and $13,624,000 and $4,741,000, respectively, in 2006. No compensation expense was capitalized at December 31, 2007 or December 31, 2006. Stock-based compensation expense decreased in 2007 from the prior year as a result of a declining trend in the number of stock options granted, as well as lower grant-date fair values primarily due to a lower stock price and assumed volatility.

 

At December 31, 2007, total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock options was $9,660,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years.

 

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 

Year Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006

 

Correction of Prior-Period Misstatements Related to Unsubstantiated Orders in Japan

 

In the second quarter of 2007, the Company recorded an adjustment to reduce revenue by $1,060,000 to correct an overstatement of revenue reported in the first quarter of 2007 amounting to $303,000 and in the fourth quarter of 2006 amounting to $757,000. Upon investigation, we concluded that these previously-reported revenues were from unsubstantiated customer orders resulting in the shipment of product and the recording of revenue with no evidence of an arrangement with the customer. These fictitious orders were associated with semiconductor and electronics capital equipment customers in Japan. We determined that these amounts were not material to the results reported in the second quarter of 2007, the first quarter of 2007, or the fourth quarter of 2006, and therefore, corrected these misstatements in the second quarter of 2007. These misstatements had no material impact on management’s discussion and analysis of the results of operations in either 2007 or 2006.

 

Revenue

 

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2007 decreased 5% to $225,737,000 from $238,424,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006. This decrease was due to lower sales to customers in the semiconductor and electronics industries, partially offset by higher sales to factory automation customers in a variety of general manufacturing industries. The decline in sales to customers in the electronics industry included lower demand from OEMs who make capital equipment used in the assembly of printed circuit boards, as well as lower demand from end users who manufacture consumer electronics, such as disk drives and personal computers.

 

Semiconductor and Electronics Capital Equipment Market

 

Sales to customers who make automation equipment for the semiconductor and electronics industries, which are included in the Company’s MVSD segment, represented 25% of total revenue in 2007 compared to 32% of total revenue in 2006, and decreased by $19,096,000, or 25%, from the prior year. This decrease was due primarily to industry cyclicality, and to a lesser extent, to several “end-of-life” orders received in 2006 for legacy products. Geographically, revenue decreased in all of the Company’s major regions, but

most significantly in Japan where many of the Company’s semiconductor and electronics capital equipment customers are located. Revenue from this sector had been gradually declining since the first quarter of 2006 until it leveled off in the second half of 2007. We do not expect a significant change in this business through the first half of 2008.

 

Discrete Factory Automation Market

 

Sales to manufacturing customers in the discrete factory automation area, which are included in the Company’s MVSD segment, represented 62% of total revenue in 2007 compared to 55% of total revenue in 2006, and increased by $7,164,000, or 5%, from the prior year. Sales of the Company’s In-Sight, Dataman, and Checker vision products, which are sold to customers in a wide variety of industries, increased from 2006. These increases were partially offset by lower sales of the Company’s vision software products to factory automation customers in the electronics industry. Geographically, revenue increased in Europe and the Americas where we serve a broader base of industries, while revenue from this sector decreased in Japan and Southeast Asia where we have large concentrations of customers in the electronics industry. We are investing in new product offerings and sales channels for the factory automation market with the goal of growing this business in 2008.

 

Surface Inspection Market

 

Sales to surface inspection customers, which comprise the Company’s SISD segment, represented 13% of total revenue in both 2007 and 2006, and declined by $672,000, or 2%, from the prior year. This decrease was due to the deferral of product revenue during 2007 for surface inspection systems that were shipped to customers, but are part of multiple-element arrangements for which we do not have vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE) of fair value for all of the undelivered elements. In these instances, we are required to defer product revenue related to the system that shipped until all of the elements in the arrangement have been delivered to the customer or we have VSOE of fair value for the remaining obligations. We expect these types of revenue deferrals to recur in 2008. We do not expect significant growth in this business in 2008 since the surface inspection market is comprised of fewer customers in a more concentrated group of industries in which we believe we hold a strong market share.

 

Product Revenue

 

Product revenue decreased 6% to $201,714,000 in 2007 from $214,938,000 in 2006. This decrease was due primarily to a lower volume of modular vision systems sold to semiconductor and electronics capital equipment manufacturers, as well as factory automation customers in the electronics industry. To a lesser extent, the decline in product revenue was also due to the shift in revenue mix from our vision software products that offer advanced programming capabilities to our easier-to-use and lower-priced vision sensors and industrial ID readers. In addition, within our vision software product offerings we experienced a trend in customers purchasing only software from the Company to use with the hardware of their choice, and although this trend did not contribute significantly to the decline in revenue in 2007, we expect the shift to software-only sales to continue in 2008.

 

Service Revenue

 

Service revenue, which is derived from the sale of maintenance and support, training, consulting, and installation services, increased 2% to $24,023,000 in 2007 from $23,486,000 in 2006. This increase was due to higher revenue generated by maintenance and support programs. Service revenue increased as a percentage of total revenue to 11% in 2007 from 10% in 2006.

 

Gross Margin

 

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 71% for 2007 compared to 73% for 2006. This decrease was primarily due to higher MVSD excess and obsolete inventory provisions recorded in 2007 than 2006, as well as the impact of the lower MVSD sales volume.

MVSD Margin

 

MVSD gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 75% for 2007 compared to 77% for 2006. During 2007, the Company recorded provisions for excess and obsolete MVSD inventory totaling $4,412,000 resulting from lower actual demand than was previously estimated as part of our material requirements forecasts, together with lower estimates of future demand from both semiconductor and electronics capital equipment and discrete factory automation customers. Similar provisions were not material during 2006. The remaining decrease from the prior year was due to the lower MVSD sales volume while manufacturing overhead costs remained relatively flat. Manufacturing overhead costs were relatively consistent in each year, as costs related to a higher number of new product introductions in 2007 were offset by start-up costs incurred in the first half of 2006 when the Company shifted a portion of its manufacturing operations from Massachusetts to Ireland. These decreases to gross margin were partially offset by a $1,400,000 benefit recorded to MVSD cost of product revenue during the fourth quarter of 2007 resulting from the reversal of accrued inventory purchase commitments upon the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations.

 

SISD Margin

 

SISD gross margin as a percentage of revenue was consistent at 46% for both 2007 and 2006. Although revenue was slightly lower and warranty provisions were higher than the prior year, the impact of these items was offset by lower material costs.

 

Product Margin

 

Product gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 75% for 2007 compared to 77% for 2006. This decrease was due principally to the higher excess and obsolete inventory provisions and lower sales volume at MVSD, as more fully described in the MVSD Margin section above.

 

Service Margin

 

Service gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 40% for 2007 compared to 38% for 2006. This increase was due to higher revenue generated by maintenance and support programs, without a corresponding increase in service costs.

 

Operating Expenses

 

Research, Development, and Engineering Expenses

 

Research, development, and engineering (R,D&E) expenses for the year ended December 31, 2007 increased 5% to $34,335,000 from $32,607,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006. MVSD R,D&E expenses increased $1,527,000, or 5%, from the prior year primarily due to higher personnel-related costs (such as employee salaries, fringe benefits, contract labor, and travel) resulting from the hiring of additional engineering resources ($1,442,000), as well as higher outside services ($472,000) and patent-related costs ($253,000), all to support new product initiatives. These increases were partially offset by lower company bonus accruals ($507,000) due to a lower consolidated operating income margin on which the Company’s bonus plan is based, as well as lower stock-based compensation expense ($331,000). SISD R,D&E expenses increased $201,000, or 6%, from the prior year due principally to the timing of outside services.

 

R,D&E expenses as a percentage of revenue were 15% in 2007 and 13% in 2006. We believe that a continued commitment to R,D&E activities is essential in order to maintain product leadership with our existing products and to provide innovative new product offerings, and therefore, we expect to continue to make significant R,D&E investments in the future. In addition, we consider our ability to accelerate time to market for new products critical to our revenue growth. Although we target our R,D&E spending to be between 10% and 15% of total revenue, this percentage is impacted by revenue cyclicality. At any point in time, we have numerous research and development projects underway, and we believe that none of these projects is material on an individual basis.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

 

Selling, general, and administrative (S,G&A) expenses for the year ended December 31, 2007 increased 3% to $99,819,000 from $96,678,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006. MVSD S,G&A expenses increased $1,609,000, or 2%, from the prior year, while SISD S,G&A expenses increased $674,000, or 8%, from 2006. Corporate expenses that are not allocated to either division increased $858,000, or 6%, from the prior year.

 

The increase in MVSD S,G&A expenses was primarily due to higher personnel-related costs (such as employee salaries, fringe benefits, commissions, and travel) resulting from the hiring of additional direct sales personnel intended to grow factory automation revenue ($1,900,000), as well as the reversal of bad debt reserves in 2006 ($800,000). In addition, a weaker U.S. Dollar in 2007 resulted in higher S,G&A costs when expenses of the Company’s foreign operations were translated to U.S. Dollars ($835,000). These increases were partially offset by lower company bonus accruals ($587,000) and stock-based compensation expense ($1,234,000). The increase in SISD S,G&A expenses was due principally to higher personnel-related selling costs, including higher sales commissions and travel expenses.

 

The increase in corporate expenses was primarily due to higher costs associated with patent infringement actions initiated by the Company ($1,163,000), as well as higher professional services costs ($1,315,000) related to various corporate projects in 2007, including the investigation of unsubstantiated orders in Japan. These increases were partially offset by lower company bonus accruals ($419,000) and costs incurred in the first quarter of 2006 associated with the Company’s 25th Anniversary party ($1,287,000).

 

Nonoperating Income

 

The foreign currency gain for the year ended December 31, 2007 was $279,000 compared to a loss of $333,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006. During both 2006 and 2007, the U.S. Dollar weakened versus the Euro, resulting in foreign currency losses on the Company’s Irish subsidiary’s books when U.S. Dollar accounts receivable were revalued and collected during 2006 and foreign currency gains on the Company’s U.S. subsidiary’s books when Euro accounts receivable were revalued and collected during 2007. Although the foreign currency exposure of these accounts receivable is largely hedged through the use of forward contracts, this hedging program depends upon forecasts of sales and collections, and therefore, gains or losses on the underlying receivables may not perfectly offset losses or gains on the contracts. A portion of the 2006 foreign currency loss was also due to the revaluation of U.S. Dollar cash balances on the Company’s Irish subsidiary’s books.

 

Investment and other income for the year ended December 31, 2007 increased 20% to $7,707,000 from $6,437,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006. Although the average invested balance declined in the past year due to cash outlays related primarily to the Company’s stock repurchase and dividend programs, investment income increased over the prior year due to higher yields on the Company’s portfolio of debt securities. As the Company’s investments mature, however, it is reinvesting in debt securities with lower rates of interest, and if interest rates continue to decline, this trend will have a negative impact on investment income in 2008. Other income also increased over the prior year due to higher rental income from leasing buildings adjacent to the Company’s corporate headquarters.

 

Income Taxes

 

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2007 was 23% compared to 21% for 2006. The effective tax rate for 2007 included the impact of the following discrete tax events: an increase to FIN 48 liabilities of $1,373,000 for identified tax exposures, an increase in tax expense of $438,000 to finalize the competent authority settlement between the Company’s U.S. subsidiary and Japan taxing authorities in late 2006, and an increase in tax expense of $191,000 for capital loss carryforwards that will not be utilized. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in tax expense of $444,000 from the true-up of the 2006 tax accrual upon filing the actual tax returns.

 

The effective tax rate for 2006 included the impact of the following discrete tax events: a decrease in tax expense of $1,220,000 due to the expiration of the statute of limitations for an open tax year, a decrease in

tax expense of $869,000 from the settlement of a multi-year state tax audit, a decrease in tax expense of $405,000 for the true-up of the 2005 tax accrual upon filing the actual tax returns, and a decrease in tax expense of $200,000 for the favorable impact in the U.S. of the retroactive reinstatement of the research and experimentation tax credit. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in tax expense of $648,000 from the settlement of a long-standing tax audit in Japan.

 

The discrete tax events in 2007 increased the effective tax rate by four hundred basis points from 19% to 23%. The discrete tax events in 2006 decreased the effective tax rate by four hundred basis points from 25% to 21%. The remaining decrease in the effective tax rate from 25% to 19% was due primarily to more of the Company’s profits being earned in lower tax jurisdictions and higher income from tax-exempt investments.

 

In July 2006, the FASB issued Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes” (FIN 48). FIN 48 supersedes SFAS No. 5, “Accounting for Contingencies,” as it relates to income tax liabilities and lowers the minimum threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements from “probable” to “more likely than not” (i.e., a likelihood of occurrence greater than fifty percent). Under FIN 48, the recognition threshold is met when an entity concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authority.

 

Differences between the amounts recognized in the financial statements prior to the adoption of FIN 48 and the amounts recognized after adoption are accounted for as a cumulative effect adjustment recorded to the beginning balance of retained earnings. As required, the Company adopted FIN 48 on January 1, 2007 and recorded a $4,021,000 increase in liabilities, net of deferred tax benefit, and a corresponding reduction to the January 1, 2007 retained earnings balance for uncertain tax positions that existed at December 31, 2006, but previously did not meet the requirements for liability recognition under SFAS No. 5. During the year ended December 31, 2007, the Company recorded a $2,341,000 increase in liabilities, net of deferred tax benefit, for uncertain tax positions that was recorded as income tax expense, and an increase of an additional $307,000 that was recorded as a reduction in additional paid in capital. Estimated interest and penalties included in these amounts totaled $312,000.

 

The Company has defined its major tax jurisdictions as the United States, Ireland, and Japan, and within the United States, Massachusetts, Georgia, and California. The tax years 1999 through 2006 remain open to examination by various taxing authorities in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Open tax years from 1999 to 2004 relate to tax matters arising from the acquisition of DVT Corporation. The Company is currently under audit in two jurisdictions, the United States and Japan. The Internal Revenue Service is auditing tax years 2003 through 2006. The Company believes that it will conclude this audit within the next twelve months and if the Company’s tax positions are sustained, this would result in a reduction in income tax expense. An estimate of the range of possible changes to existing reserves cannot be made at this time. The Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau is auditing tax years 2002 through 2005 and has recently issued a permanent establishment finding claiming that the Company’s Irish subsidiary should be subject to taxation in Japan. The Company believes it has a substantive defense against this finding and is preparing to request Competent Authority intervention in accordance with the Japan/Ireland tax treaty. It is not expected that this audit will be concluded within the next twelve months. To avoid further interest and penalties, the Company has paid tax, interest, and penalties through the date of assessment of 766,257,300 Yen (or approximately $6,336,000) to the Japanese tax authorities. This amount is included in “Other assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

 

The Company’s reserve for income taxes, including gross interest and penalties, was $16,414,000 and $19,308,000 at January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2007, respectively, of which $1,000,000 would reduce goodwill, $307,000 would increase additional paid in capital, and the remainder would reduce income tax expense, if the Company’s tax positions were sustained.

Year Ended December 31, 2006 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2005

 

Revenue

 

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2006 increased 10% to $238,424,000 from $216,875,000 for the year ended December 31, 2005. This increase was primarily due to higher sales to customers in the semiconductor and electronics capital equipment market, and to a lesser extent, the discrete factory automation market. Geographically, revenue increased in all of the Company’s major regions, but most significantly in Japan where many of the Company’s semiconductor and electronics capital equipment customers are located, and the rest of Asia, a region where many capital equipment manufacturers are also located and where the general manufacturing economy experienced growth.

 

Semiconductor and Electronics Capital Equipment Market

 

Sales to customers who make capital equipment for the semiconductor and electronics industries, which are included in the Company’s MVSD segment, represented 32% of the Company’s total revenue in 2006 and increased by $16,306,000, or 27%, from the prior year. Although the level of demand from these customers was higher than that experienced in 2005, revenue from this sector had been gradually declining since the first quarter of 2006.

 

Discrete Factory Automation Market

 

Sales to manufacturing customers in the discrete factory automation area, which are included in the Company’s MVSD segment, represented 55% of the Company’s total revenue in 2006 and increased by $9,179,000, or 7%, from the prior year. The Company offers a full range of machine vision products to its factory automation customers at different capability/price points, from its programmable vision software products to its low-cost, easy-to-use vision sensors. Although sales of the Company’s vision software products decreased from the prior year primarily in the electronics industry, sales of all other factory automation products increased from 2005 including In-Sight vision systems, Checker vision sensors, and Dataman industrial ID readers. In May 2005, the Company acquired DVT Corporation, and as a result, expanded its worldwide distribution network and added the DVT vision system to its product line, which complements its In-Sight vision system. Sales of acquired DVT products also contributed to the increase in factory automation revenue.

 

Surface Inspection Market

 

Sales to surface inspection customers, which comprise the Company’s SISD segment, represented 13% of the Company’s total revenue and declined by $4,088,000, or 12%, from the prior year. This decrease is attributed to customers delaying projects due to a slowing economy and to mergers mainly in the metals industry. Since the average order size for a SmartView surface inspection system is relatively large, the timing of customer projects, system deliveries, and installations can have a significant impact on the quarterly, and even annual, distribution of revenue.

 

Product Revenue

 

Product revenue for the year ended December 31, 2006 increased 11% to $214,938,000 from $192,804,000 for the year ended December 31, 2005. This increase was due to a higher volume of modular vision systems sold to semiconductor and electronics capital equipment manufacturers, as well as discrete factory automation customers. The average selling price of the Company’s MVSD products decreased from 2005 due to the continued shift away from vision software products to vision sensors, which have a lower average selling price. The average selling price decline, however, was more than offset by the higher volume of units sold.

Service Revenue

 

Service revenue, which is derived from the sale of maintenance and support, training, consulting, and installation services, decreased 2% to $23,486,000 in 2006 from $24,071,000 in 2005 due principally to lower revenue generated by maintenance and support programs and training services resulting from improved product quality and ease of use. Service revenue decreased as a percentage of total revenue to 10% in 2006 from 11% in 2005.

 

Gross Margin

 

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 73% for 2006 compared to 71% for 2005. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to the impact of the higher sales volume, as well as a shift in revenue mix to modular vision systems, which have higher margins than surface inspection systems and services. Stock-based compensation expense included in cost of revenue was $1,596,000 in 2006, which had a relatively small impact on the total gross margin percentage. Benefits from the sale of previously-reserved inventory amounted to $1,079,000 in 2006, which also had a relatively small impact on the total gross margin percentage.

 

MVSD Margin

 

MVSD gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 77% for 2006 compared to 75% for 2005. The increase in MVSD margin was primarily due to the impact of the higher sales volume, as well as a shift in mix to product revenue, which has a higher margin than service revenue. The gross margin percentage is relatively consistent among MVSD product offerings.

 

SISD Margin

 

SISD gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 46% for 2006 compared to 48% for 2005. The decrease in SISD margin was due principally to the impact of the lower sales volume, as well as the inclusion of stock-based compensation expense in 2006.

 

Product Margin

 

Product gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 77% for 2006 compared to 75% for 2005. The increase in product margin was due principally to the impact of the higher sales volume, as well as a shift in mix to higher-margin modular vision systems.

 

Service Margin

 

Service gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 38% for 2006 compared to 36% for 2005. A reduction in service personnel had a favorable impact on the service margin from the prior year. This was partially offset, however, by the inclusion of stock-based compensation expense in 2006.

 

Operating Expenses

 

Research, Development, and Engineering Expenses

 

Research, development, and engineering (R,D&E) expenses for the year ended December 31, 2006 increased 18% to $32,607,000 from $27,640,000 for the year ended December 31, 2005. MVSD R,D&E expenses increased $4,646,000, or 19%, from the prior year primarily due to $3,360,000 of stock-based compensation expense, additional engineering personnel resulting from the acquisitions of DVT Corporation in May 2005 and AssistWare Technology, Inc. in May 2006, and increased outside service and materials costs related to new product initiatives. SISD R,D&E expenses increased $321,000, or 11%, from the prior year due principally to $267,000 of stock-based compensation expense.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

 

Selling, general, and administrative (S,G&A) expenses for the year ended December 31, 2006 increased 17% to $96,678,000 from $82,332,000 for the year ended December 31, 2005. MVSD S,G&A expenses increased $7,738,000, or 12%, from the prior year, while SISD S,G&A expenses increased $271,000, or 3%, from 2005. Corporate expenses that are not allocated to either division increased $6,337,000, or 88%, from the prior year.

 

The increase in MVSD S,G&A expenses was primarily due to $5,160,000 of stock-based compensation expense, as well as investments in sales and marketing in the discrete factory automation market, including the acquisition of DVT Corporation in May 2005. This acquisition resulted in additional sales and marketing expenses related to managing a worldwide distribution network, as well as additional amortization expense of $1,259,000 related to acquired intangible assets. The increase in SISD S,G&A expenses was due principally to $820,000 of stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by lower sales commissions.

 

The increase in corporate expenses was principally due to $2,421,000 of stock-based compensation expense, $1,287,000 of costs associated with the Company’s 25th Anniversary party held in January 2006, the reversal in 2005 of a $1,000,000 reserve established for possible indemnification of the Company’s customers from patent infringement claims by the Lemelson Partnership, and higher professional fees.

 

Nonoperating Income

 

The foreign currency loss for the year ended December 31, 2006 was $333,000 compared to a loss of $888,000 for the year ended December 31, 2005. The loss in 2006 was primarily due to the revaluation of cash balances on the Company’s subsidiaries’ books that are denominated in a currency other than the subsidiaries’ functional currency, as well as the revaluation and settlement of accounts receivable balances that are reported in one currency and collected in another. The loss in 2005 was primarily due to the revaluation and settlement of short-term intercompany balances that are reported in one currency and collected or paid in another.

 

Investment and other income for the year ended December 31, 2006 increased 25% to $6,437,000 from $5,130,000 for the year ended December 31, 2005. Although the average invested balance declined in 2006 due to net cash outlays related primarily to the Company’s stock repurchase program, investment and other income increased over the prior year because the Company earned higher yields on its portfolio of debt securities.

 

Income Taxes

 

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2006 was 21% compared to 26% for 2005. The effective tax rate for 2006 included the impact of the following discrete tax events: a reduction in tax expense of $1,220,000 due to the expiration of the statute of limitations for an open tax year, a reduction in tax expense of $869,000 from the settlement of a multi-year state tax audit, a reduction in tax expense of $405,000 for the final true-up of the 2005 tax accrual upon filing the actual tax returns, and a reduction in tax expense of $200,000 for the favorable impact in the U.S. of the retroactive reinstatement of the Research & Development Tax credit. These reductions were partially offset by an increase in tax expense of $648,000 from the settlement of a long-standing tax audit in Japan. These one-time tax adjustments lowered the Company’s tax rate by four hundred basis points in 2006. The remaining one hundred basis point decrease in the effective tax rate from the prior year was due to more of the Company’s profits being earned in lower tax jurisdictions.

 

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 

The Company has historically been able to generate positive cash flow from operations, which has funded its operating activities and other cash requirements and has resulted in an accumulated cash, cash

equivalent, and investment balance of $267,888,000 at December 31, 2007, representing 56% of shareholders’ equity. The Company has established guidelines relative to credit ratings, diversification, and maturities of its investments that maintain liquidity.

 

The Company’s cash requirements during the year ended December 31, 2007 were met with its existing cash, cash equivalent, and investment balance, as well as positive cash flow from operations. Cash requirements primarily consisted of operating activities, the repurchase of common stock, and the payment of dividends.

 

During the fourth quarter of 2007, the Company settled a currency swap resulting in a cash outflow of $12,783,000, which is included in the change in accrued expenses in the operating activities section of the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (refer to Note 3). During 2007, the Company paid a deposit of $6,336,000 related to a Japan tax audit (refer to Note 15). This cash outflow is included in the change in other operating assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Upon the resolution of this tax audit, the Company will either receive this deposit back or receive a portion of this amount back as correlative tax relief from another jurisdiction. We do not expect this audit to be concluded within the next twelve months.

 

Capital expenditures in 2007 totaled $4,635,000 and consisted primarily of expenditures for computer hardware and software, manufacturing test equipment, and various building and leasehold improvements to the Company’s facilities.

 

The Company believes that its existing cash, cash equivalent, and investment balance, together with continued positive cash flow from operations, will be sufficient to meet its operating, investing, and financing activities in 2008 and the foreseeable future.

 

The following table summarizes the Company’s material contractual obligations, both fixed and contingent (in thousands):

 

 

The Company does not have any contractual obligations related to its FIN 48 tax liabilities.

 

In June 2000, the Company became a Limited Partner in Venrock Associates III, L.P. (Venrock), a venture capital fund. A Director of the Company is a Managing General Partner of Venrock Associates. The Company has committed to a total investment in the limited partnership of up to $20,500,000, with the commitment period expiring on December 31, 2010. The Company does not have the right to withdraw from the partnership prior to December 31, 2010. As of December 31, 2007, the Company had contributed $19,488,000 to the partnership, including $1,025,000 during 2007. The remaining commitment of $1,012,000 can be called by Venrock in any period through 2010.

In addition to the obligations described above, the following items may also result in future material uses of cash:

 

Stock Repurchase Program

 

In July 2006, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $100,000,000 of the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2007, the Company had repurchased 2,449,333 shares at a cost of $57,076,000 under this program, including 1,429,754 shares at a cost of $32,663,000 during 2007. The Company may repurchase additional shares under this program in future periods depending upon a variety of factors, including the stock price levels and share availability.

 

Dividends

 

Beginning in the third quarter of 2003, the Company’s Board of Directors has declared and paid a cash dividend in each quarter, including a dividend of $0.085 per share in each quarter of 2007 that amounted to $14,898,000 for the year. Future dividends will be declared at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and will depend upon such factors as the Board deems relevant.

 

Acquisitions

 

In May 2006, the Company acquired AssistWare Technology, Inc. for $2,998,000 in cash paid at closing, with the potential for an additional cash payment of up to $500,000 in the second quarter of 2007, up to $500,000 in the fourth quarter of 2007, and up to $1,000,000 in the second quarter of 2008 depending upon the achievement of certain performance criteria. The Company determined that the contingent payment in the second and fourth quarters of 2007 had been earned and made payments of $502,000 and $500,000, respectively, which were allocated to goodwill. The second quarter payment included a $2,000 adjustment related to the final closing balance sheet of AssistWare. As of December 31, 2007, the Company has also determined that the $1,000,000 contingent payment due in the second quarter of 2008 had been earned beyond a reasonable doubt, and accordingly, accrued this payment at December 31, 2007 with a corresponding increase to goodwill. The Company’s business strategy includes selective expansion into new machine vision applications through the acquisition of businesses and technologies, which may result in significant cash outlays in the future.

 

Derivative Instruments

 

In certain instances, the Company enters into forward contracts and other derivative instruments to hedge against foreign currency fluctuations. Although these instruments may be effective in minimizing foreign currency gains or losses recorded in current operations or shareholders’ equity, significant cash inflows or outflows may result when these instruments are settled.

 

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

 

As of December 31, 2007, the Company had no off-balance sheet arrangements.

 

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

 

Our discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations is based upon the consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from these estimates under different assumptions or circumstances resulting in charges that could be material in future reporting

periods. We believe the following critical accounting policies require the use of significant estimates and judgments in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

 

Revenue Recognition

 

The Company requires that a signed customer contract or purchase order is received, the fee from the arrangement is fixed or determinable, and collection of the resulting receivable is probable in order to recognize revenue. Assuming that these criteria have been met, product revenue is recognized upon delivery, revenue from maintenance and support programs is recognized ratably over the program period, revenue from training and consulting services is recognized over the period that the services are provided, and revenue from installation services is recognized when the customer has signed off that the installation is complete. If the arrangement contains customer-specified acceptance criteria, then revenue is deferred until we can demonstrate that the customer’s criteria have been met.

 

Certain of the Company’s arrangements include multiple elements that provide the customer with a combination of product or service deliverables. The fee from the arrangement is allocated to each of the undelivered elements based upon vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE) of fair value, which is limited to the price charged when the same element is sold separately, with the residual value from the arrangement allocated to the delivered element. The portion of the fee that is allocated to each element is then recognized as revenue when the criteria for revenue recognition have been met with respect to that element. If VSOE of fair value does not exist for all of the undelivered elements, then all revenue from the arrangement is deferred until all of the elements have been delivered to the customer or we have VSOE of fair value for the remaining obligations.

 

While the Company applies the guidance of Statement of Position (SOP) No. 97-2, “Software Revenue Recognition,” as amended by SOP No. 98-9, “Modification of SOP 97-2, Software Revenue Recognition, With Respect to Certain Transactions,” management exercises judgment in connection with the determination of the amount of revenue to be recognized each period. Such judgments include, but are not limited to, assessing the probability of collecting the receivable, assessing whether the fee is fixed or determinable, assessing whether customer-specified acceptance criteria are substantive in nature, and assessing whether VSOE of fair value has been established for undelivered elements.

 

Investments

 

At December 31, 2007, the Company’s investment balance totaled $163,744,000, of which $156,276,000 consisted of municipal bonds. Debt securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, recorded in shareholders’ equity as other comprehensive income (loss). At December 31, 2007, the Company’s portfolio of debt securities had net unrealized gains totaling $398,000.

 

The remaining investment balance of $7,468,000 represented a limited partnership interest in Venrock Associates III, L.P., a venture capital fund. A Director of the Company is a Managing General Partner of Venrock Associates. The Company’s limited partnership interest is accounted for using the cost method because our investment is less than 5% of the partnership and we have no influence over the partnership’s operating and financial policies. At December 31, 2007, the carrying value of this investment was $7,468,000 compared to an estimated fair value of $11,665,000.

 

The fair value of the Company’s limited partnership interest is based upon valuations of the partnership’s investments as determined by the General Partner. Management understands that the General Partner adjusts the investment valuations at least quarterly to reflect both realized and unrealized gains and losses on partnership investments. Securities of public companies are valued at market, subject to appropriate discounts to reflect limitations on liquidity. Securities of private companies are valued at an estimated fair value, which initially is at cost, adjusted for subsequent transactions that indicate a higher or lower value is warranted. The value of private securities may be discounted when, in the General Partner’s judgment, the carrying value of such securities has been impaired by specific events.

Management monitors the carrying value of its investments compared to their fair value to determine whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. In considering whether a decline in fair value is other than temporary, we consider many factors, both qualitative and quantitative in nature. Some of these factors include the duration and extent of the fair value decline, the length of the Company’s commitment to the investment, and general economic, stock market, and interest rate trends. In the case of the Company’s limited partnership investment, specific communications from the General Partner are also considered in this evaluation. If a decline in fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary, an impairment charge would be recorded in current operations. There were no other-than-temporary impairments of investments in 2007, 2006, or 2005.

 

Accounts Receivable

 

The Company maintains reserves against its accounts receivable for potential credit losses. Ongoing credit evaluations of customers are performed and the Company has historically not experienced significant losses related to the collection of its accounts receivable. Allowances for specific accounts determined to be at risk for collection are estimated by management taking into account the length of time receivables have been outstanding, the risks associated with selling to smaller customers, and the economic conditions of the primary regions and industries sold to, as well as general economic conditions. An adverse change in any of these factors may result in the need for additional bad debt provisions.

 

Inventories

 

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Management estimates excess and obsolescence exposures based upon assumptions about future demand, product transitions, and market conditions, and records reserves to reduce the carrying value of inventories to their net realizable value. Among the risks associated with the introduction of new products are difficulty predicting customer demand and effectively managing inventory levels to ensure adequate supply of the new product and avoid excess supply of the legacy product. In addition, we may strategically enter into non-cancelable commitments with vendors to purchase materials for products in advance of demand in order to take advantage of favorable pricing or address concerns about the availability of future supplies. At December 31, 2007, the Company’s reserve for excess and obsolete inventory totaled $10,114,000. If the assumptions we used to estimate this reserve are inaccurate, we may be exposed to material charges in the future. A 10% difference in inventory reserves at December 31, 2007 would have affected net income by approximately $775,000.

 

Long-lived Assets

 

The Company has long-lived assets including property, plant, and equipment, as well as acquired goodwill and other intangible assets. These assets are susceptible to shortened estimated useful lives and changes in fair value due to changes in their use, market or economic changes, or other events or circumstances. In addition, the fair value of goodwill is susceptible to changes in the fair value of the reporting units in which the goodwill resides, which are also reportable segments. Management evaluates the potential impairment of its long-lived assets annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. If events or circumstances occur which would require a significant reduction in the estimated useful lives of these assets or a significant decrease in fair value below their carrying value, an adjustment to the lives or carrying values would result in a charge to income in the period of determination.

 

Warranty Obligations

 

The Company records the estimated cost of fulfilling product warranties at the time of sale based upon historical costs to fulfill claims. Obligations may also be recorded subsequent to the time of sale whenever specific events or circumstances impacting product quality become known that would not have been taken into account using historical data. While we engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring and evaluating the quality of its component suppliers and third-party contract manufacturers, the Company’s warranty obligation is affected by product failure rates, material usage, and

service delivery costs incurred in correcting a product failure. An adverse change in any of these factors may result in the need for additional warranty provisions.

 

Contingencies

 

Estimated losses from contingencies are accrued by management based upon the likelihood of a loss and the ability to reasonably estimate the amount of the loss. Estimating potential losses, or even a range of losses, is difficult and involves a great deal of judgment. Management relies primarily on assessments made by its internal and external legal counsel to make our determination as to whether a loss contingency arising from litigation should be recorded or disclosed. Should the resolution of a contingency result in a loss that we did not accrue because management did not believe that the loss was probable or capable of being reasonably estimated, then this loss would result in a charge to income in the period the contingency was resolved.

 

Stock-Based Compensation

 

The Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 123R, “Share-Based Payment” on January 1, 2006, which requires compensation expense to be recognized for all stock option grants. Determining the appropriate valuation model and estimating the fair values of these grants requires the input of subjective assumptions, including expected stock price volatility, dividend yields, and forfeiture rates. The expected volatility assumption is based partially on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock, which may or may not be a good indicator of future volatility, particularly as the Company continues to seek to diversify its customer base. The assumptions used in calculating the fair values of stock option grants represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of judgment. As a result, if factors change and different assumptions are used, stock-based compensation expense could be significantly different from what the Company recorded in the current period.

 

Income Taxes

 

Significant judgment is required in determining worldwide income tax expense based upon tax laws in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. The Company has established reserves for uncertain tax positions by applying the “more likely than not” criteria of FIN 48, under which the recognition threshold is met when an entity concludes that a tax position, based soley on its technical merits, is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant tax authority. All tax positions are analyzed periodically and adjustments are made as events occur that warrant modification, such as the completion of audits or the expiration of statutes of limitations, which may result in future charges or credits to income tax expense.

 

As part of the process of preparing consolidated financial statements, management is required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. This process involves estimating the current tax liability, as well as assessing temporary differences arising from the different treatment of items for financial statement and tax purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

 

At December 31, 2007, the Company had net deferred tax assets of $27,254,000, primarily resulting from temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Management has evaluated the realizability of these deferred tax assets and has determined that it is more likely than not that these assets will be realized, net of any established reserves. In reaching this conclusion, we have evaluated relevant criteria, including the Company’s historical profitability, current projections of future profitability, and the lives of tax credits, net operating and capital losses, and other carryforwards, certain of which have indefinite lives. Should the Company fail to generate sufficient pre-tax profits in future periods, we may be required to record material adjustments to these deferred tax assets, resulting in a charge to income in the period of determination.

Derivative Instruments

 

In certain instances, the Company enters into forward contracts and other derivative instruments to hedge against foreign currency fluctuations. These contracts are used to minimize foreign currency gains or losses, as the gains or losses on these contracts are intended to offset the losses or gains on the underlying exposures. The Company does not engage in foreign currency speculation.

 

Administering the Company’s foreign currency risk management program requires the use of estimates and the application of judgment, including compiling forecasts of transaction activity denominated in various currencies. The failure to identify foreign currency exposures and construct effective hedges may result in material foreign currency gains or losses.

 

NEW PRONOUNCEMENTS

 

FASB Statement No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements”

 

In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements,” which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosure about fair value measurements. This Statement is effective for the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 and interim periods within 2008. The Company does not expect this Statement to have a material impact on its financial condition or results of operations.

 

FASB Statement No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities”

 

In February 2007, the FASB issued Statement No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities,” which provides companies with an option to report selected financial assets and liabilities at fair value. This Statement is effective as of the beginning of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. The Company does not expect this Statement to have a material impact on its financial condition or results of operations.

 

FASB Statement No. 141R, “Business Combinations”

 

In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement No. 141R, “Business Combinations,” which establishes principles for how an acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, recognizes and measures the goodwill acquired in a business combination, and determines what information to disclose to enable users of the financial statements to evaluate the nature and financial effects of a business combination. The Company is required to apply this Statement prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after January 1, 2009. Earlier application is not permitted.

 

 

Foreign Currency Risk

 

The Company faces exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates as a significant portion of its revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities are denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of the Company or its subsidiaries. These exposures may change over time as business practices evolve. The Company evaluates its foreign currency exposures on an ongoing basis and makes adjustments to its foreign currency risk management program as circumstances change.

 

In certain instances, the Company enters into forward contracts and other derivative instruments to provide a hedge against transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of the Company or its subsidiaries. These contracts are used to minimize foreign currency gains or losses, as the gains or losses on these contracts are intended to offset the losses or gains on the underlying exposures. The Company does not engage in foreign currency speculation.

 

The success of the Company’s foreign currency risk management program depends upon forecasts of transaction activity denominated in various currencies. To the extent that these forecasts are overstated or understated during periods of currency volatility, the Company could experience unanticipated foreign

currency gains or losses that could have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations. In addition, the failure to identify new exposures and hedge them in a timely manner may result in material foreign currency gains or losses.

 

The Company enters into forward contracts to hedge the foreign currency exposure of its Irish subsidiary’s receivables denominated in U.S. Dollars and Japanese Yen. Forward contracts to exchange 1,380,650,000 Japanese Yen for Euros at a weighted-average settlement price of 162.93 Yen/Euro and contracts to exchange 4,290,000 U.S. Dollars for Euros at a weighted-average settlement price of 1.46 USD/Euro, both with terms between one and six months, were outstanding at December 31, 2007. These instruments at fair value had a loss of $22,000 at December 31, 2007.

 

Interest Rate Risk

 

The Company’s investment portfolio includes municipal bonds. Debt securities with original maturities greater than three months are designated as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value. At December 31, 2007, the fair value of the Company’s portfolio of debt securities amounted to $156,276,000, with principal amounts totaling $156,645,000, maturities that do not exceed three years, and a yield to maturity of 3.24%. Differences between the fair value and principal amounts of the Company’s portfolio of debt securities are primarily attributable to discounts and premiums arising at the acquisition date, as well as unrealized gains and losses at the balance sheet date.

 

Given the relatively short maturities and investment-grade quality of the Company’s portfolio of debt securities at December 31, 2007, a sharp rise in interest rates should not have a material adverse effect on the fair value of these instruments. As a result, the Company does not currently hedge these interest rate exposures.

 

The following table presents the hypothetical change in the fair value of the Company’s portfolio of debt securities arising from selected potential changes in interest rates (in thousands). This modeling technique measures the change in fair value that would result from a parallel shift in the yield curve plus or minus 50 and 100 basis points (BP) over a twelve-month time horizon.

 

 

Other Market Risks

 

The Company’s investment portfolio also includes a limited partnership interest in Venrock Associates III, L.P., a venture capital fund with an investment focus on Information Technology and Health Care and Life Sciences. The majority of the partnership’s portfolio consists of investments in early stage, private companies characterized by a high degree of risk, volatility, and illiquidity. A Director of the Company is a Managing General Partner of Venrock Associates.

 

The fair value of the Company’s limited partnership interest is based upon valuations of the partnership’s investments as determined by the General Partner. Management understands that the General Partner adjusts the investment valuations at least quarterly to reflect both realized and unrealized gains and losses on partnership investments. Securities of public companies are valued at market, subject to appropriate discounts to reflect limitations on liquidity. Securities of private companies are valued at an estimated fair value, which initially is at cost, adjusted for subsequent transactions that indicate a higher or lower value is warranted. The value of private securities may be discounted when, in the General Partner’s judgment, the carrying value of such private securities has been impaired by specific events.

 

At December 31, 2007, the carrying value of this investment was $7,468,000 compared to an estimated fair value, as determined by the General Partner, of $11,665,000. Should the fair value of this investment decline in future periods below its carrying value, management will determine whether this decline is other-than-temporary and future impairment charges may be required.

 

 

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

 

 

 

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Cognex Corporation:

 

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Cognex Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2007, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2007. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

 

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cognex Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2007, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally acceptable in the United States of America.

 

As discussed in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements, on January 1, 2007, the Company adopted the provisions of the FASB issued Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes” which required the Company to recognize a $4,021,000 increase in liabilities, net of deferred tax benefit, and a corresponding reduction to the January 1, 2007 retained earnings balance for uncertain tax positions that existed as of December 31, 2006, but previously did not meet the requirements for liability recognition under SFAS No. 5.

 

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the effectiveness of Cognex Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 14, 2008 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 

 

Boston, Massachusetts

February 14, 2008

COGNEX CORPORATION - REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ON FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

 

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Cognex Corporation:

 

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Cognex Corporation as of December 31, 2006, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2006. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

 

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Cognex Corporation at December 31, 2006, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2006, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, on January 1, 2006, the Company adopted the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123(R), “Share-Based Payment,” which requires the Company to recognize expense related to the fair value of share-based compensation awards.

 

 

Boston, Massachusetts

February 26, 2007

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.